English Grammar : Reported Speech

Learn Grammar | English Grammar : Reported Speech | In the English language there are two ways to retell a statement, question or command, who had put forward by others. Both ways are:

1. By using a direct sentence
If we use direct sentences, we retell the contents of the statement, question or command, using the exact words as uttered by the speaker. For example we recounted the speech when he ruled Anto Ani to write a letter:

Ani said, "Anto, write the letter."
(Speech delivered quotes are the words spoken to Anto Ani)

2. By using the indirect sentence
This sentence is used to retell the contents of the statement, question or command uttered by others, but do not use the same words as spoken by the speaker, but we keep telling the same meaning or significance in accordance with the utterance of the speaker.

Example: (Sentence indirect than direct sentence in the example above.

The next study the example below:
Anto answered, " I don't want to write the Letter (DS)
Anto answered that he didn't want to write the letter (IS)

He said, " I will go out." (DS)
Father said, "If I am invited I will come" (DS)
Father said that if he was invited he would come.

Things that need to be considered in the indirect sentence:
1. Not using quotes
2. All forms of statements, questions and commands in the sentence immediately changed to "statement" in the sentence immediately.
3. "That" is often used as conjunctions in sentence formation indirectly derived from the direct line "statement".

Now we will discuss the formation of indirect sentence, stemming from a direct sentence, which is associated with the sentence: statements, questions, requests and exclamation sentences.
1. The sentence does not directly derived from the sentence statement. The word "that" is often used in this form, as conjunctions.

example :
He said , "I am sorry for my being late "
He said that he was sorry for his being late.

He said, "I gave all the money to Ani"
He said that he had given all the money to Ani.

Note :

a. He said = reporting verb
"I am sorry ..." = Reported verb
" I gave all the money ..." = reported verb

Reporting verb used in the example above is the past verb forms (He said ...) then the reported verb changes in indirect sentences. Consider the example above:

I am turned into was
I gave turned Had given.

Thus changes in the reported verb is as follows:
Verb 1 (present): changed to Verb 2 (pas tense)
Verb 2 (past): changed to Verb 3 (Had + Verb 3) if the reporting verb is the Verb 2 (pas tense)

In addition to reporting verb "said" can also use the following words: toll, Had said, Had toll, explained, and so on.

b. But the reporting verb used is the present (verb 1): Present tense, present future, present perfect or present perfect future, then the verb in the reported verb does not change its shape.
example :
He says, "I am sorry for my being late' (DS)
He says that he is sorry for his being late. (IS)
He has said, " I gave all the money to Ani"
He has said that he gave all the money to ani.

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