Education English | Elements of an Abstract | According to Kies (1995:1) abstracts are very common in academic writing, and they have a standard form. In essence, abstracts inform the reader of six bits of information about the piece of writing being summarized:
a. Purpose
- What is the author's reason for writing?
- What is the author's main idea?
b. Scope
- What is the author's focus in this piece?
- Where does the writer concentrate his/her attention?
c. Method
- What kinds of evidence does the author provide?
- How does the author try to convince the reader of the validity of his/her main idea?
d. Results
- What are the consequences of the problem or issue that the author is discussing?
e. Recommendations
- What solutions does the author present to the reader to resolve the problem of issue in the piece?
- Does the author recommend action or change in his/her piece?
f. Conclusions
- Does the author describe a cause and effect relationship or explain the origins of this issue or problem?
- What conclusions does the author draw from his/her study of the issue or problem?
In addition, Sitepu (2010:1) explains that an abstract should include some points such as the background (while Kies provides the purpose not the background), the problem, the method, the result, and the conclusion. The explanations of the points are:
a. The background stated about the situation or the condition which makes the problem need to discuss. The background should interest for the writer to discuss. The success of interest background will motivated the reader continuing read the abstract and want finished read all of the content of an article.
b. The problem stated the main point that is discussed or the problem that is wanted to answer in the next explanation. The problem should state in short, however, the content of article still in developed in some questions. Sometimes, the problem stated in one sentence.
c. The method that needs in the research methodology to answer the problem should stated the main point only, for example, it stated the population but it did not state about the sampling technique and the how many the sample. In stated the research methodology, it should state in short and descriptive.
d. The result contains the main of the answer of the question that got from the discussion. The result should not state in complete because it can motivate the reader to read and know more about the article.
e. The conclusion draws about what the writer got from the discussion. The conclusion should include a suggestion that has relation with the problem.
a. Purpose
- What is the author's reason for writing?
- What is the author's main idea?
b. Scope
- What is the author's focus in this piece?
- Where does the writer concentrate his/her attention?
c. Method
- What kinds of evidence does the author provide?
- How does the author try to convince the reader of the validity of his/her main idea?
d. Results
- What are the consequences of the problem or issue that the author is discussing?
e. Recommendations
- What solutions does the author present to the reader to resolve the problem of issue in the piece?
- Does the author recommend action or change in his/her piece?
f. Conclusions
- Does the author describe a cause and effect relationship or explain the origins of this issue or problem?
- What conclusions does the author draw from his/her study of the issue or problem?
In addition, Sitepu (2010:1) explains that an abstract should include some points such as the background (while Kies provides the purpose not the background), the problem, the method, the result, and the conclusion. The explanations of the points are:
a. The background stated about the situation or the condition which makes the problem need to discuss. The background should interest for the writer to discuss. The success of interest background will motivated the reader continuing read the abstract and want finished read all of the content of an article.
b. The problem stated the main point that is discussed or the problem that is wanted to answer in the next explanation. The problem should state in short, however, the content of article still in developed in some questions. Sometimes, the problem stated in one sentence.
c. The method that needs in the research methodology to answer the problem should stated the main point only, for example, it stated the population but it did not state about the sampling technique and the how many the sample. In stated the research methodology, it should state in short and descriptive.
d. The result contains the main of the answer of the question that got from the discussion. The result should not state in complete because it can motivate the reader to read and know more about the article.
e. The conclusion draws about what the writer got from the discussion. The conclusion should include a suggestion that has relation with the problem.
The conclusion is also answer the problem that stated before.
Moreover, Weissberg and Buker (1990:1) explain that an abstract contains five elements. They are:
a. The background
Example: In order to reduce costs, Thompson Consulting needs to find an alternative material for a top-secret military jet engine.
b. The purpose
Example: Researchers tested aluminum alloy 6061, which is less expensive than the original zirconia alloy, to determine if it would be an acceptable replacement material.
c. Methodology
Example: Researchers conducted hardness and tensile strength tests on aluminum alloy 6061 samples that were heated and air-cooled, heated and water-cooled, and untreated.
d. The result
Example: The alloy met the requirements of minimum hardness (21,000 psi) and tensile strength (65 K) when subjected to temperature changes from 25ºC to 625ºC.
e. The conclusion
Example: These results suggest that aluminum alloy 6061 can replace the zirconia alloy in the jet engine. In line with statements above, Koopman (1997:1) says that an abstract should include some parts such as the motivation (the purposes to make a research), problem statement, the method, the result, and conclusion. Based on the statements above, the writer concluded that an abstract should include the background, the purpose, the problem, the scope, the method, the result, the conclusion, and the suggestion.
Moreover, Weissberg and Buker (1990:1) explain that an abstract contains five elements. They are:
a. The background
Example: In order to reduce costs, Thompson Consulting needs to find an alternative material for a top-secret military jet engine.
b. The purpose
Example: Researchers tested aluminum alloy 6061, which is less expensive than the original zirconia alloy, to determine if it would be an acceptable replacement material.
c. Methodology
Example: Researchers conducted hardness and tensile strength tests on aluminum alloy 6061 samples that were heated and air-cooled, heated and water-cooled, and untreated.
d. The result
Example: The alloy met the requirements of minimum hardness (21,000 psi) and tensile strength (65 K) when subjected to temperature changes from 25ºC to 625ºC.
e. The conclusion
Example: These results suggest that aluminum alloy 6061 can replace the zirconia alloy in the jet engine. In line with statements above, Koopman (1997:1) says that an abstract should include some parts such as the motivation (the purposes to make a research), problem statement, the method, the result, and conclusion. Based on the statements above, the writer concluded that an abstract should include the background, the purpose, the problem, the scope, the method, the result, the conclusion, and the suggestion.
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