Education English | Types of Word Formation | In this section the writer present the types of word formation according to Kwary (2009: 2).
a. Compound
Compound words are two words put together or two are more word joined together to form a new word. A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. In English, words, particularly adjectives and nouns, are combined into compound structures in a variety of ways. And once they are formed, they sometimes metamorphose over time. A common pattern is that two words — fire fly, say — will be joined by a hyphen for a time — fire-fly — and then be joined into one word — firefly. In this respect, a language like German, in which words are happily and immediately linked one to the other, might seem to have an advantage. There is only one sure way to know how to spell compounds in English: use an authoritative dictionary.
There are three forms of compound words:
1. The closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook, dishcloth, pancake, altogether, accuse, outnumber, waterproof.
2. The hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-thecounter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced, get-together, half-baked, two-tone, or broad-minded.
3. The open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general, hang out, school bus, science fiction. Compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one
stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them work as one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. Colloquial or everyday examples of are fireman and hardware. Someone who believes that nothing he does has a good result might be called a never-go-well person. We combine the words never, go and well to form an adjectival compound. This process of birth and death of words is going on all the time.
Compounding is the process by which the vernacular compound teapot is formed from the simple words tea and pot and the classical compound biography is formed from the combining forms bio- and -graphy. Although derivation and compounding account for a large number of the composite word forms of English and other languages, they do not cover everything. As a result, at various times further descriptive categories have been added, such as conversion or functional shift, backformation, phrasal verb, blend, abbreviation, and root-creation
b. Acronyms
An acronym is an abbreviation for a term or phrase formed using a subset of the letters of the words in whatever it means. The most commonly used acronym generator algorithm is to create an acronym using the starting letters of most or all of the words in its definition. Hornby (1995:11) says that an acronym is a word formed the first letter of a group of words. For example UNESCO refers to United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. While NASA refers to National Aeronautics and Space Advertisement and RAM refers to Random Access Memory.
can be pronounced as a word, as a series of the names of the letter, or some combination of the two.
1) Acronym pronounced as word:
SAM : Surface-to –air Missile
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization
LASER : Light Amplification By Stimulate Emission of Radiation
2) Acronym pronounced as letter (initials)
DNA : Domain Name System
BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation
IBM : International Business Machine
3) Acronym pronounced as a Combinations of both:
C- SPAN: (sea-span) Cable Satellite Public Affair Network
OPEC : (oh- pec) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
JPEG : (JAY-peg) Joint Photographic Expert Group
UEFA : (you-eee-fa) Union of European Football Association Foresman (2009: 3) states there are three kinds of acronym:
1) Backronyms
A backronym (or bacronym) is a phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word. For example, the novelist and critic Anthony Burgess once proposed that the word "book" ought to stand for "Box of Organized Knowledge."
2) Contrived Acronyms
A contrived acronym is one that has been deliberately designed in such a way that it will be especially apt as a name for the thing being named (such as by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word). Some examples of contrived acronyms are USA PATRIOT, CAPTCHA, and ACT UP. The clothing company French Connection began referring to itself as fcuk, standing for "French Connection United Kingdom." The company then created t-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word "fuck". See the list of fictional espionage organizations for more examples of contrived acronyms. Contrived acronyms differ from backronyms in that they were originally conceived with the artificial expanded meaning, while backronyms are later invented expansions.
3) Macronyms
A macronym is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms themselves. A special case of a macronym is the recursive acronym, which directly or indirectly refers to itself, when expanded. Five examples of macronyms are:
(1) GNU, which stands for "GNU's Not Unix"
(2) LAME, which stands for "LAME Ain't an MP3 Encoder"
(3) WINE, which stands for "WINE Is Not an Emulator"
(4) XNA, which stands for "XNA's Not Acronymed"
(5) XSD, which stands for "XML Schema Definition" (XML itself standing for eXtensible Markup Language.)
c. Blend
One out of many word-formation processes in English is known as blending. It can be roughly defined as the intentional coinage of a new word by fusing parts of at least two source words of which either one is shortened in the fusion and/or where there is some form of phonemic or graphemic overlap of the source words; some well-known examples are given in (1).
(1) a. br (eakfast) × (l) unch → brunch
b. mot (or) × (h) otel → motel
c. fool × (phi) losopher → foolosopher
But apart from such cases, the word blend has also been used to refer to expressions resulting from production errors rather than from intentional coinages; examples include authentic speech-error blends and experimentally induced error blends as represented graphemically in (2) and (3) respectively.
(2) a. aggra (vates) × (intensi) fies → aggrafies
b. sh (out) × (y) ell → shell
(3) a. compuls (ory) × (oblig) atory → compulsatory
b. ill (ness) × (di) sease → illsease
Another large class of complex word whose formation is best described in term of prosodic categories is blend. Blending diverse from the process discussed in the previous section in that it involve two or rarely more best word but shares with truncations a massive of lot of phonetic material. Blending has often been described as a rather irregular phenomenon, but as we will shortly we find surprising degree of regularity.
Kwary (2009: 27) states that blends are similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words.
Example:
(1) breakfast + lunch → brunch
(2) wireless + fidelity → wi-fi
(3) sheep + goat → shoat
(4) information + entertainment → infotainment
(5) breath + analyzer → breathalyzer
(6) motor + camp → mocamp
(7) science + fiction → sci-fi
a. Compound
Compound words are two words put together or two are more word joined together to form a new word. A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. In English, words, particularly adjectives and nouns, are combined into compound structures in a variety of ways. And once they are formed, they sometimes metamorphose over time. A common pattern is that two words — fire fly, say — will be joined by a hyphen for a time — fire-fly — and then be joined into one word — firefly. In this respect, a language like German, in which words are happily and immediately linked one to the other, might seem to have an advantage. There is only one sure way to know how to spell compounds in English: use an authoritative dictionary.
There are three forms of compound words:
1. The closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook, dishcloth, pancake, altogether, accuse, outnumber, waterproof.
2. The hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-thecounter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced, get-together, half-baked, two-tone, or broad-minded.
3. The open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general, hang out, school bus, science fiction. Compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one
stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them work as one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. Colloquial or everyday examples of are fireman and hardware. Someone who believes that nothing he does has a good result might be called a never-go-well person. We combine the words never, go and well to form an adjectival compound. This process of birth and death of words is going on all the time.
Compounding is the process by which the vernacular compound teapot is formed from the simple words tea and pot and the classical compound biography is formed from the combining forms bio- and -graphy. Although derivation and compounding account for a large number of the composite word forms of English and other languages, they do not cover everything. As a result, at various times further descriptive categories have been added, such as conversion or functional shift, backformation, phrasal verb, blend, abbreviation, and root-creation
b. Acronyms
An acronym is an abbreviation for a term or phrase formed using a subset of the letters of the words in whatever it means. The most commonly used acronym generator algorithm is to create an acronym using the starting letters of most or all of the words in its definition. Hornby (1995:11) says that an acronym is a word formed the first letter of a group of words. For example UNESCO refers to United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. While NASA refers to National Aeronautics and Space Advertisement and RAM refers to Random Access Memory.
can be pronounced as a word, as a series of the names of the letter, or some combination of the two.
1) Acronym pronounced as word:
SAM : Surface-to –air Missile
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization
LASER : Light Amplification By Stimulate Emission of Radiation
2) Acronym pronounced as letter (initials)
DNA : Domain Name System
BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation
IBM : International Business Machine
3) Acronym pronounced as a Combinations of both:
C- SPAN: (sea-span) Cable Satellite Public Affair Network
OPEC : (oh- pec) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
JPEG : (JAY-peg) Joint Photographic Expert Group
UEFA : (you-eee-fa) Union of European Football Association Foresman (2009: 3) states there are three kinds of acronym:
1) Backronyms
A backronym (or bacronym) is a phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word. For example, the novelist and critic Anthony Burgess once proposed that the word "book" ought to stand for "Box of Organized Knowledge."
2) Contrived Acronyms
A contrived acronym is one that has been deliberately designed in such a way that it will be especially apt as a name for the thing being named (such as by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word). Some examples of contrived acronyms are USA PATRIOT, CAPTCHA, and ACT UP. The clothing company French Connection began referring to itself as fcuk, standing for "French Connection United Kingdom." The company then created t-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word "fuck". See the list of fictional espionage organizations for more examples of contrived acronyms. Contrived acronyms differ from backronyms in that they were originally conceived with the artificial expanded meaning, while backronyms are later invented expansions.
3) Macronyms
A macronym is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms themselves. A special case of a macronym is the recursive acronym, which directly or indirectly refers to itself, when expanded. Five examples of macronyms are:
(1) GNU, which stands for "GNU's Not Unix"
(2) LAME, which stands for "LAME Ain't an MP3 Encoder"
(3) WINE, which stands for "WINE Is Not an Emulator"
(4) XNA, which stands for "XNA's Not Acronymed"
(5) XSD, which stands for "XML Schema Definition" (XML itself standing for eXtensible Markup Language.)
c. Blend
One out of many word-formation processes in English is known as blending. It can be roughly defined as the intentional coinage of a new word by fusing parts of at least two source words of which either one is shortened in the fusion and/or where there is some form of phonemic or graphemic overlap of the source words; some well-known examples are given in (1).
(1) a. br (eakfast) × (l) unch → brunch
b. mot (or) × (h) otel → motel
c. fool × (phi) losopher → foolosopher
But apart from such cases, the word blend has also been used to refer to expressions resulting from production errors rather than from intentional coinages; examples include authentic speech-error blends and experimentally induced error blends as represented graphemically in (2) and (3) respectively.
(2) a. aggra (vates) × (intensi) fies → aggrafies
b. sh (out) × (y) ell → shell
(3) a. compuls (ory) × (oblig) atory → compulsatory
b. ill (ness) × (di) sease → illsease
Another large class of complex word whose formation is best described in term of prosodic categories is blend. Blending diverse from the process discussed in the previous section in that it involve two or rarely more best word but shares with truncations a massive of lot of phonetic material. Blending has often been described as a rather irregular phenomenon, but as we will shortly we find surprising degree of regularity.
Kwary (2009: 27) states that blends are similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words.
Example:
(1) breakfast + lunch → brunch
(2) wireless + fidelity → wi-fi
(3) sheep + goat → shoat
(4) information + entertainment → infotainment
(5) breath + analyzer → breathalyzer
(6) motor + camp → mocamp
(7) science + fiction → sci-fi
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