Education English | Grammatical Collocation | Grammatical collocation is the structure of word partnership or the structure of sentences (Lewis M: 2003). Grammatical collocations are combinations where a preposition is used with a noun, a verb or an adjective, (e.g. by accident, admiration for, agree with, account for, afraid of, amazed at).
Overall, there is very little deviation arising from the structural modification of standard collocations; as one would expect, native speakers appear aware of the grammatical restrictions associated with collocations. It is not always clear whether the modifications that are made are structural or the simple addition or omission of grammatical items.
In this study, the researcher describes eight major types of grammatical collocation based on Benson, Benson and Ilson (1996).
Overall, there is very little deviation arising from the structural modification of standard collocations; as one would expect, native speakers appear aware of the grammatical restrictions associated with collocations. It is not always clear whether the modifications that are made are structural or the simple addition or omission of grammatical items.
In this study, the researcher describes eight major types of grammatical collocation based on Benson, Benson and Ilson (1996).
1. Noun + preposition
Not all Noun + preposition combinations can be considered as collocations due the highly predictable meaning of some prepositions, such as of and by. So, noun + of / by combinations are not regarded as the collocations. The collocations include the combination blockade against but not blockade of. The phrase the blockade of enemy ports is a regular transformation of the blockade enemy ports.
Not all Noun + preposition combinations can be considered as collocations due the highly predictable meaning of some prepositions, such as of and by. So, noun + of / by combinations are not regarded as the collocations. The collocations include the combination blockade against but not blockade of. The phrase the blockade of enemy ports is a regular transformation of the blockade enemy ports.
2. Noun + to infinitive
There are five syntactic patterns in which this construction is most frequently encountered; these patterns are: it was a pleasure (a problem, a struggle) to do it; they had the foresight (instructions, an obligation, permission, right) to do it; they felt a
compulsion (an impulse, a need) to do it; they made an attempt (an effort, a promise, a vow) to do it; he was a fool (a genius, an idiot) to do it.
There are five syntactic patterns in which this construction is most frequently encountered; these patterns are: it was a pleasure (a problem, a struggle) to do it; they had the foresight (instructions, an obligation, permission, right) to do it; they felt a
compulsion (an impulse, a need) to do it; they made an attempt (an effort, a promise, a vow) to do it; he was a fool (a genius, an idiot) to do it.
3. Noun + that + clause
The BBI includes nouns that can be followed by that clause: we reached an agreement that we should represent us in court; he took an oath that he would do this duty. The dictionary does not include nouns followed by relative clauses introduced by that, for example: when that can be replaced by which: we reached an agreement that would go into effect in a month. Nor does it include nouns that can be followed by a clause only when they are objects of a preposition; it was by chance that we met; it was with (considerable) pride that he presented his findings.
The BBI includes nouns that can be followed by that clause: we reached an agreement that we should represent us in court; he took an oath that he would do this duty. The dictionary does not include nouns followed by relative clauses introduced by that, for example: when that can be replaced by which: we reached an agreement that would go into effect in a month. Nor does it include nouns that can be followed by a clause only when they are objects of a preposition; it was by chance that we met; it was with (considerable) pride that he presented his findings.
4. Preposition + noun
Any combinations of prepositions and noun can fall into this category, however the choice of preposition with certain noun in not at random. For examples: by accident, in advance, to somebody’s, on somebody’s advice, under somebody’s aegis, in agony, on (the) alert, at anchoretic).
Any combinations of prepositions and noun can fall into this category, however the choice of preposition with certain noun in not at random. For examples: by accident, in advance, to somebody’s, on somebody’s advice, under somebody’s aegis, in agony, on (the) alert, at anchoretic).
5. Adjective + prepositions
The next grammatical collocation is adjective + preposition combinations that occur in the predicate are or as set-off attributives (verb less clauses) they were angry at everyone. They include adjective + of constructions when the subject of the construction in animate (usual human): they are afraid (ashamed, confident, critical, demanding, envious, etc) of him.
The next grammatical collocation is adjective + preposition combinations that occur in the predicate are or as set-off attributives (verb less clauses) they were angry at everyone. They include adjective + of constructions when the subject of the construction in animate (usual human): they are afraid (ashamed, confident, critical, demanding, envious, etc) of him.
6. Predicate adjective + to infinitive
The first is Adjective with dummy or empty subject ”it” such as “it was necessary for him to work”. Prepositional phrase with for can be inserted into this construction with many adjectives: it was necessary for him to work.
The second is adjective with real and usual animate subject such as “she (the girl) is ready to go; it (the machine) was designed to operate at high altitudes”.
The first is Adjective with dummy or empty subject ”it” such as “it was necessary for him to work”. Prepositional phrase with for can be inserted into this construction with many adjectives: it was necessary for him to work.
The second is adjective with real and usual animate subject such as “she (the girl) is ready to go; it (the machine) was designed to operate at high altitudes”.
7. Adjective + that + clause
The seventh grammatical collocation is adjective can be followed by that + clause: she was afraid that she would fail the examination; it was nice that he was able to come home for the holiday. Several adjectives are followed by the present subjunctive
in formal English; it was imperative that I’ll be there at three o’clock; it is necessary that he be replaced immediately.
The seventh grammatical collocation is adjective can be followed by that + clause: she was afraid that she would fail the examination; it was nice that he was able to come home for the holiday. Several adjectives are followed by the present subjunctive
in formal English; it was imperative that I’ll be there at three o’clock; it is necessary that he be replaced immediately.
8. `Verbs patterns
The last grammatical collocation consists of nineteen English patterns, designed by the capital letter A to S. description of each pattern as follows:
Pattern A. When the noun phrase is the object of the main verb. The code (Vn. Ing) and gives the dot after “n” and before the “ing clause” to show that the noun is connected closely with the main verb. For example: His comments set me thinking, I can smell something nice cooking.
Pattern B where an adverb placed after the verb, and after the direct object. If the verb is transitive in a good, right, satisfactory way. For Example: the children behaved well, she speaks English Very well.
In Pattern C, as with intransitive verbs are used to show that a particular preposition, adverb or particle is often. But not always used with a verb. The particle up or over can be used alone after the object of the verb or followed by a prepositional phrase using with. For example: he covered (up) the body (with a sheet) Vn, Vnp. The hole was quickly covered (over) Vn, Vnp.
In pattern D, the verb forms a collocation with a specific preposition (+ object). Collocations consisting of a verb + as (+object) are included in this pattern. Next is Pattern E. in this pattern, verbs are followed by to+ infinitive. For Example: What did you take his comments to mean? Do you take this woman to be your wife?
Pattern F. This pattern includes the small number of verbs that are followed by noun and an infinitive without to. Example: she didn’t take much persuading (ie, she was easily persuaded). Then, Pattern G. in this pattern, verbs is followed by a second verb in –ing.
The eight patterns is pattern H. In this pattern, transitive verbs are followed by an object and to infinitive. Example she dedicated her life to helping the poor.
Pattern I is the ninth pattern. A small group of ordinary verbs. For Example: see and hear, can be used with a noun phrase and a bare infinitive. The code for these pattern are [ Vn. inf(no to)] and [ Verb +Noun phrase + infinitive, with a warning that the infinitive doesn’t have to before it ]. For example: Did you hear the phone ring just then? She watched him eat his lunch.
Pattern J is the tenth pattern. In this pattern, verbs are followed by an object and a verb form in-ing such as I watched him eating. The next pattern is pattern K, which the verbs are
followed by a possessive (pronoun and noun) or sentences with a possessive pronoun often sound rather formal and the object pronoun is more common. Such as: people are more likely to say: I hate him joking about serious things than I hate his joking about serious things.
Verbs are followed by a noun clause beginning with the conjunction that in pattern L. while if the verb can be followed by a direct object, the infinitive to be, and either an adjective, or a past participle, or a noun/pronoun are in pattern M. for example: she’s slowly getting better after the accident.
In pattern N where transitive verbs can be followed by a direct object and adjective or past participle or a noun/pronoun. The next pattern is about transitive verbs can take two objects, neither of which can normally be used in a prepositional phrase with to or for in pattern O. such as: I sold a car to Jim; I bought a book for Mary.
Pattern P consists of intransitive, reflexive and transitive verbs must be followed by an adverbial. Whereas, verbs can be followed by interrogative words: how, what, when, where, which, who, why; to these we add whether (which often alternates in clause with if) in pattern Q. for example: I had to ask the teacher what to do next, he teaches his students how to research properly if they do it.
The next pattern is R. in this pattern, transitive verbs (often expressing emotion) are preceded by the dummy it and are followed by to+ infinitive or by that + clause or by either. The last is pattern S. In this pattern, a small number of intransitive verbs are followed by a predicate noun or by a predicate adjective.
The last grammatical collocation consists of nineteen English patterns, designed by the capital letter A to S. description of each pattern as follows:
Pattern A. When the noun phrase is the object of the main verb. The code (Vn. Ing) and gives the dot after “n” and before the “ing clause” to show that the noun is connected closely with the main verb. For example: His comments set me thinking, I can smell something nice cooking.
Pattern B where an adverb placed after the verb, and after the direct object. If the verb is transitive in a good, right, satisfactory way. For Example: the children behaved well, she speaks English Very well.
In Pattern C, as with intransitive verbs are used to show that a particular preposition, adverb or particle is often. But not always used with a verb. The particle up or over can be used alone after the object of the verb or followed by a prepositional phrase using with. For example: he covered (up) the body (with a sheet) Vn, Vnp. The hole was quickly covered (over) Vn, Vnp.
In pattern D, the verb forms a collocation with a specific preposition (+ object). Collocations consisting of a verb + as (+object) are included in this pattern. Next is Pattern E. in this pattern, verbs are followed by to+ infinitive. For Example: What did you take his comments to mean? Do you take this woman to be your wife?
Pattern F. This pattern includes the small number of verbs that are followed by noun and an infinitive without to. Example: she didn’t take much persuading (ie, she was easily persuaded). Then, Pattern G. in this pattern, verbs is followed by a second verb in –ing.
The eight patterns is pattern H. In this pattern, transitive verbs are followed by an object and to infinitive. Example she dedicated her life to helping the poor.
Pattern I is the ninth pattern. A small group of ordinary verbs. For Example: see and hear, can be used with a noun phrase and a bare infinitive. The code for these pattern are [ Vn. inf(no to)] and [ Verb +Noun phrase + infinitive, with a warning that the infinitive doesn’t have to before it ]. For example: Did you hear the phone ring just then? She watched him eat his lunch.
Pattern J is the tenth pattern. In this pattern, verbs are followed by an object and a verb form in-ing such as I watched him eating. The next pattern is pattern K, which the verbs are
followed by a possessive (pronoun and noun) or sentences with a possessive pronoun often sound rather formal and the object pronoun is more common. Such as: people are more likely to say: I hate him joking about serious things than I hate his joking about serious things.
Verbs are followed by a noun clause beginning with the conjunction that in pattern L. while if the verb can be followed by a direct object, the infinitive to be, and either an adjective, or a past participle, or a noun/pronoun are in pattern M. for example: she’s slowly getting better after the accident.
In pattern N where transitive verbs can be followed by a direct object and adjective or past participle or a noun/pronoun. The next pattern is about transitive verbs can take two objects, neither of which can normally be used in a prepositional phrase with to or for in pattern O. such as: I sold a car to Jim; I bought a book for Mary.
Pattern P consists of intransitive, reflexive and transitive verbs must be followed by an adverbial. Whereas, verbs can be followed by interrogative words: how, what, when, where, which, who, why; to these we add whether (which often alternates in clause with if) in pattern Q. for example: I had to ask the teacher what to do next, he teaches his students how to research properly if they do it.
The next pattern is R. in this pattern, transitive verbs (often expressing emotion) are preceded by the dummy it and are followed by to+ infinitive or by that + clause or by either. The last is pattern S. In this pattern, a small number of intransitive verbs are followed by a predicate noun or by a predicate adjective.
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