INTRODUCTION
Dealing with the speech act, we will find there are differences between speech act done by male and female. There are some stereotypical attitudes led to the male-female dichotomy in most western industrial societies dictates that men are aggressive, rational, practical, direct and competitive while women are passive, irrational, nurturing, indirect, and cooperative.
Directness in male and indirectness in female to express ideas show the existence of some differences which have been had naturally by the male and female.
Based on Lakoff’s theory, woman’s speech was characterized by linguistics feature such as the lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, precise color terms, intensifier and so on. Those characteristics straightly show what actually a female usually say and also called “woman’s language”. Whereas a male tends to speak confrontational pattern by using minimal responses only to express agreement and to pose direct orders and requests.
Those directness in male and indirectness in female to express ideas show the existence of some differences which have been had naturally by the male and female.
Based on Lakoff’s theory about the gender polarization showing the straightforward mapping of gender onto language led our group to do a research to find out whether the same theory will be appropriate in Indonesian’s society or not. The research is only focused in the area of directness and indirectness of a male’s
LITERATURE REVIEW
Speech act is a technical term in linguistics and the philosophy of language. The contemporary use of the term goes back to John L. Austin's doctrine of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Many scholars identify 'speech acts' with illocutionary acts, rather than locutionary or perlocutionary acts. As with the notion of illocutionary acts, there are different opinions on the nature of speech acts. The extension of speech acts is commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting someone and congratulating.
A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance consist of a general act (illocutionary act) that a speaker performs, analyzable as including the uttering of words (utterance acts), making reference and predicating (propositional acts), and a particular intention in making the utterance (illocutionary force). An act involved in the illocutionary act, including utterance acts and propositional acts. The production of a particular effect in the addressee (elocutionary).
Robin Tolmach Lakoff’s theory in her book titled Language and Woman's Place, introduced to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now commonplace. She proposed (Language and Woman's Place) that women's speech can be distinguished from that of men in a number of ways, including:
1. Hedges : Phrases like "sort of," "kind of," "it seems like"
2. Empty adjectives: divine, adorable, gorgeous, etc
3. (Super-) Polite forms: "Would you mind…" "Is it o.k if…?" "…if it’s not too much to ask"
4. Apologize more: "I'm sorry, but I think that…"
5. Speak less frequently
6. Avoid coarse language or expletives
7. Tag questions: "You don't mind eating this, do you?". Subsequent research has cast some doubt on this proposition
8. Hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation: Use of prestige grammar and clear articulation
9. Precise color terms : ”magenta, aquamarine”
10. Indirect requests: "Wow I'm so thirsty." – really asking for a drink
11. Speak in italics: Use tone to emphasis certain words, e.g., "so", "very", "quite".
RESEARCH METHOD
1. Research Questions
This research cornerns to the usage of direct and indirect speech act between male and female students in Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu as the sample. In order to complete this research, we have to find the answer of these questions:
a. Does indirect language really tends to be used by females and direct language tends to be used by males?
b. Does the theory of gender by Lakoff (1973) represent the situation in Indonesia
2. Method
To find out the natural responses representing the directness and indirectness in speech act, the writers asked a question naturally (as if the respondents weren’t being interviewed) to both male and female. While asking the target, we tried to record the conversation by using cell phone recorder without being known by the target.
3. Data Collection
To retrieve a valid and representative data, we collect them by asking ask 20 UMB’s students. They consist of 10 males and 10females. They were asked about how to get to the library.
| | Direct | Indirect |
| Male 1 | | |
| Male 2 | | |
| Male 3 | | |
| Male 4 | | |
| Male 5 | | |
| Male 6 | | |
| Male 7 | | |
| Male 8 | | |
| Male 9 | | |
| Male 10 | | |
| Total | | |
| | Direct | Indirect |
| Female 1 | | |
| Female 2 | | |
| Female 3 | | |
| Female 4 | | |
| Female 5 | | |
| Female 6 | | |
| Female 7 | | |
| Female 8 | | |
| Female 9 | | |
| Female 10 | | |
| Total | | |
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After we have done this research, we found that:
1. There are five males who were using indirect speech act. Those who used indirect speech act were the feminine and the doubtful one. First, we found the fact that feminine males tended to use indirect speech act in this research. Also, doubtful males used indirect act to give him time to think more about the details.
2. There are 8 males who were using direct speech act. As Lakoff said that indirect speech act is the characteristic of female’s language, most of the males were answering in a direct speech. Male prefer to add some gestures to express something than adding some extra detail of information.
3. There are 4 females who were using direct speech act. Less than those who use indirect speech, it proves that female who used direct speech are just minority. Opposite to male, those females who use direct speech act were the masculine. Also those females whose in rush preferred to use directive speech.
4. There are 6female who were using indirect speech act. Lakoff’s theory has been proved in this research. Females were really tends to use indirect speech act by adding some extra details to the information.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research which have done using UMB’s students as the sample, the writers can conclude that the previous theory stated by Robin Tolmach Lakoff that female's language that are now commonplace is more indirect than male’s language, and this theory is applicable in Indonesian society. It’s showed by the result from our research which stated that there are 6 from 10 females tended to use indirect language but 8 from 10 males were using direct language.
From the research, the writers also conclude that in expressing their indirectness, female tended to use the characteristics that have been stated by Lakoff’s theory such as the use of color terms like “silver, grey, white, alumunium” which described the color of the Library Roof. But, in expressing their directness, male tended to use their gesture to show the direction to the library. So, our research support the previous research held by Robin Tolmach Lakoff.
TRANSCRIPT DATA HASIL PENELITIAN DI UMB
WANITA
1. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 1 : Itu disitu..
Penanya : dimanonyo??
Objek 1 : itu na gedung yang itu,disano..lurus terus..
Penanya : Di depan itu?
Objek : yo tu yang depan itu la.
(DIRECT)
2. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 2 : tuna yang lantai tigo sebelah kanan, kelak ado tulisannyo disitu
Penanya : Yang mano? Itu yang sebelah situ?
Objek 2 : Ituna yang gedungnya lanta tigo, yang sebelah kanan dari siko..agak turun ke bawah tuna.
(INDIRECT)
3. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 3 : Ini..lurus..belok kiri..itu yang paling belakang. Ehh..yang ini ajo, dari sini lurus, kanan.tau gedung B kan ??nah kelak kau jalan kesitu, belok kanan da tu ado turunan dikit, tengok ajo yang pinggir naik ajo lewat tanggo situ.
(INDIRECT)
4. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 4 : Ohh lurus terus..tuna yang agak turunan dikit.
(DIRECT)
5. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 5 : Perpustakaan UMB yo?
Penanya : iyo mbak.
Objek 5 : Di belakang mbak , dari sini luruuuss terus, kelak sebelah kanan ada gedung yang lantai tigo,yang agak di sudut tu na.
(INDIRECT)
6. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 6 : Kalo dak salah perpustakaan dibelakang dekat gedung B
(DIRECT)
7. Penanya :mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 7 : lurus terus ajo terus..terus kelak ado bangunan yang lantai tigo..yang sebelah kanan,,,itu yang agak di sudut
(INDIRECT)
8. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 8 : Di belakang, jalan lagi. Dari sini jalan lurus da tu belok kanan, agak turun dikit, nah yang agak sudut itu perpusnyo.
(INDIRECT)
9. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 9 : Lurus ja kesitu. Klak ado turunan dikit..yang agak sudut tuna naek ajo ke atas, disitu perpusnyo…
Penanya : yang itu mbak?
Objek 9 : yoh yang itulah, dak salah lagi
(INDIRECT)
10. Penanya : mbak numpang nanyo, perpustakaan UMB di sebelah mano yo?
Objek 10 : Dibelakang, lurus aja, terus kelak belok kanan. Pokoknya tengok yang agak sudut.
(DIRECT)
PRIA
1. Penanya : numpang tanyo bang, perpustkaan sebelah mano yo?
Penanya : yang dekat gedung B, dari sini tu lurus ajo nah itu gedung B da tu belok kanan ado turunan dikit, gdung yang agak disudut tu gedung Perpustakaannyo..
(INDIRECT)
2.Penanya : Maaf… numpang tanyo perpustakaan UMB sebelah mano yo?
Objek 2 : lurus ajo dari sini da tu belok kiri ada simpang dikit lagi belok kanan da tu turun dikit....
(INDIRECT)
3. Penanya : mas numpang tanyo perpustakaan UMB dimano yo?
Objek 3 : Perpustakaan dekat gedung b, belok ajo kesitu.
(DIRECT)
4. Penanya : perpustakaan sebelah mano yo kak?
Objek 4 : Di ujung, belok kanan. Terus aja. Yang agak nyudut tuna
(DIRECT)
5. Penanya : bang perpustakaan sebelah mano yo?
Objek 5 : Perpustakaan di ujung, jalan lurus ajo kelak tanyo lagi pas belok kanan.
(DIRECT)
6. Penanya : mas numpang tanyo perpustakaan sebela mano yo?
Objek 6 : Di ujung ini. Jalan terus, kelak ado gedung yang agak sudut.
(DIRECT)
7. Penanya : bang perpustakaan sebelah mano yo?
Objek 14 : Lurus, terus belok kanan. Ada turunan dikit yang agak sudut tuna
(DIRECT)
8. Penanya : perpustakaan sebelah mano yo kak?
Objek 7 : Lurus kelak sesudah gedung B sebelah kanan.
(DIRECT)
9. Penanya : mas numpang tanyo perpustakaan sebela mano yo?
Objek 8 : Lurus ajo, kelak belok kanan.
(DIRECT)
10. Penanya : kak numpang tanyo perpustakaan UMB dimano yo?
Objek 9 : Di ujung.
(DIRECT)
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