Words are divided into different kinds of classes, called Parts of Speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. The Parts of Speech are in eight numbers, they are noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. More explanations about them are as follows:
1. Noun
A noun is a word as the name of a person, place or thing (Wren & Martin, 1994: 4). In English structure, noun is classified into some parts, they are noun based on its quality, noun based on number, noun based on its quantity, noun based on gender and noun based on the case.
a. Noun based on its quality
Based on its quality, noun is divided into concrete noun and abstract noun. Concrete noun is a kind of noun that can be seen, touched, and smelt. Concrete noun is classified into 4 (four), namely as follow.
a. common noun
common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. For instance, cat, dog, teacher, lawyer, and etc.
b. proper noun
a proper noun is the name of some particular person, place, day, month, nationality and religion. In the writing system, proper noun is always initiated by capital letter and it may not use article the, a and an. For
example, Indonesia, Boby, Islam, February, Madrid, and so on.
c. collective noun
a collective noun is the name of a number (collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole, as: a crowd (a collection of people), an army (a collection of soldiers) and so forth.
d. material noun
a material noun is the name of substances or material, it means that generally this is a kind of uncountable noun, nevertheless, it can be touched and measured. The material noun cannot be initiated by article a or an, but it can be initiated by some and any. For instance, I drink the water; I do not have any money.
Besides concrete noun, there is also abstract noun. An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as, quality (goodness, bravery), action (laughter, movement) and state (boyhood, poverty).
Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives, verbs, and common nouns. Here are the distinctiveness of noun formed from adjectives, verbs, and common nouns.
b. Noun based on number
Based on the number, noun is classified into countable and uncountable noun. Countable noun is a noun that can be counted by number. It is a group of common noun and collective noun, such as car, door, a team, a family, etc. The characteristics of countable noun are as follow:
1. it can be in plural, such as, there is a pen on the table (singular); there are two pens on the table (plural).
2. it can be initiated by article a, an, or the. For example: There is a man in that room; I bought an umbrella last week; The son of my lecturer is a lawyer.
3. it can be initiated by words some and any in the plural, such as, I need some chair; I do not have any money.
4. it can be initiated by words all of, none of, both of, and few in plural. For example, All of the pens on my desk are red.
5. it can be initiated by words many, a lot of, several, a great many. For example, She does not have many cars.
6. the verb can be added s/es or auxiliary verb is/was in the singular. For example, My lecturer stands near the door.
7. the verb can not be added s/es but it can be followed by auxiliary verb are/were in the plural. For example, My books are on the table.
Besides, the characteristics of uncountable noun are as follows:
1. it cannot be in plural, such as, We can write letters on the paper.
2. it can not be initiated by article a or an but article the can be used. For example, Milk comes from cow; The fruit is good for health.
3. it can be initiated with words some and any which meant little, such as, I want some water.
4. it can be initiated with much, a lot of, a great deal of, and plenty of which meant many. For example, Does he have much milk.
5. always initiated by singular verb with add s/es to the verb, or it can be used auxiliary verb is/was. For example, There is a lot of money in my wallet; The cheese makes from milk.
c. Noun based on gender
Based on gender, noun is divided into 4 (four), they are Masculine Gender, Feminine Gender, Common Gender and Neuter Gender (Wren & Martin, 1994:
6). A noun that denotes a male is called Masculine Gender, and a noun that denotes a female is called Feminine Gender. Besides that, a noun that denotes either male or female is called the Common Gender, and a noun that denotes neither male nor female is called the Neuter Gender.
d. Noun based on the case
Case is the way placing the noun in a sentence. In English, there are some , they are nominative case, objective (accusative) case, and possessive (genitive) case. When a noun (pronoun) is used as the subject of a verb, it is called in nominative case. When a noun (pronoun) is used as the object of a verb, it is called in the objective (accusative) case. The nominative generally comes before the verb, meanwhile the accusative after the verb; as, Iker broke the window. (object) The window is broken. (subject)
Different from nominative and accusative, possessive case (genitive) is a noun whose function is to indicate ownership or possession by adding apostrophe (‘) or apostrophe s (‘s). For example, Edo’s book; Ani’s mother. Here are the formations of the Possessive Case.
(1) When the noun is singular, the Possessive Case is formed by adding ‘s to the noun; as,
The king’s crown.
(2) When the noun is plural, and ends in s, the Possessive Case is formed by adding only an apostrophe; as,
Horses’ tails.
(3) When the noun is plural but does not end in s, the Possessive sign is formed by adding ‘s as, Children’s books.
(4) When a noun or a title consists of several words, the Possessive sign is attached only to the last word; as, The Nawab of Rampur’s library.
(5) When two nouns are closely connected, the Possessive is put to the latter; as,
William and Mary’s reign.
2. Adjective
A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place, or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity, is called an adjective (Wren & Martin, 1994:16). From the explanation above we may define an adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning. In English, there are two ways to use the adjective; as,
(a) attributive adjective, is an adjective that is used to describe the noun directly.
1. Beautiful girl
2. Big house.
In the first and the second sentences, the adjective beautiful and big is used along with the noun girl and house as an epithet or attribute. It is, therefore, said to be used attributively.
(b) predicative adjective, is an adjective that is used to describe the noun indirectly.
1. The boy is lazy
2. I am happy.
In the first and the second sentences, the adjective lazy and happy is used along the verb is and am, and form part of the predicate. It is, therefore, said to be used predicatively.
Basically in English, adjectives may be divided into following classes.
(1) Adjective of quality (descriptive adjective)
It is shows the kind or quality of a person or thing; as,
Indonesia is a large country.
Boby is an honest man.
(2) Adjective of quantity (Quantitative adjective)
It is shows how much of a thing is meant; as,
I ate some rice
There has not been sufficient rain this year.
(3) Adjective of number (Numeral adjective)
It is shows how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands; as,
The hand has five fingers
All men must die.
Adjective of number (Numeral adjective) are of three kinds, they are:
(i) definite numeral adjective, which denotes an exact number, as
one, two, three, etc. (cardinals)
first, second, third, etc. (ordinals).
A cardinal denotes how many, and ordinal the order of things in a series.
(ii) indefinite numeral adjective, which does not denote an exact number, as all, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several.
(iii) distributive numeral adjective, which refers to each one of a number; as,
Each boy must take his turn
Every word of it is false.
(4) Demonstrative adjective
It points out which person or thing is meant; as
These mangoes are sour
That boy is industrious.
3. Verb
A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. The word verb comes from Latin word verbum. It is so called because it is the most important word in a sentence. A verb may tell us what a person or thing does, as Harry laughs; what is done to a person or thing, as The window is broken; and what a person or thing is, as I feel sorry. Verb is classified into transitive and intransitive verb. A transitive verb is
a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the subject to an object. An intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object, or which expresses a state or being. Here are the examples of transitive and intransitive verb.
(1) Casillas kicks the ball
(2) The baby sleeps
(3) Juan ran a long distance
(4) There is a flaw in this diamond.
In sentence (1), the action denoted by the verb kicks passes over from the doer or subject Casillas to some object ball. The verb kicks is, therefore, called a transitive verb. In sentence (2), the action by the verb sleeps and does not pass over to an object. The verb sleeps is, therefore, called intransitive verb and it expresses state. Sentence (3) and (4) are in transitive verb because they do not pass over to an object and each of them expresses action and being.
4. Adverb
According to Wren & Martin, adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
(a) Lampard runs quickly
(b) This is a very sweet mango
(c) Steven Gerrard reads quite clearly.
In sentence (a), quickly shows how (in what manner) Lampard runs , that is, quickly modifies from verb runs. In sentence (b), very shows how much (in what degree) the mango is sweet, that is, very modifies the adjective sweet. In sentence (c), quite shows how far (to what extent) Steven Gerrard reads clearly, that is, quite modifies the adverb clearly.
Adverb may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning.
(1) Adverb of Time (which show when)
I have heard this before
Christiano had a letter from her lately
Bobby comes here daily.
(2) Adverb of Frequency (which show how often)
I have told you twice
Frank often makes mistakes
Ariel seldom comes here.
(3) Adverb of Place (which show where)
My sister is out
Walk backward
Come in.
(4) Adverb of Manner (which show how or in what manner)
This story is well written
The child slept soundly.
(5) Adverb of Degree or Quantity (which show how much, or in what
degree or to what extent)
He was too careless
The mangoes are almost ripe
I am fully prepared
(6) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
He certainly went
I do not know him
(7) Adverb of Reason
He therefore left school
He is hence unable to refute the charge
A noun is a word as the name of a person, place or thing (Wren & Martin, 1994: 4). In English structure, noun is classified into some parts, they are noun based on its quality, noun based on number, noun based on its quantity, noun based on gender and noun based on the case.
a. Noun based on its quality
Based on its quality, noun is divided into concrete noun and abstract noun. Concrete noun is a kind of noun that can be seen, touched, and smelt. Concrete noun is classified into 4 (four), namely as follow.
a. common noun
common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. For instance, cat, dog, teacher, lawyer, and etc.
b. proper noun
a proper noun is the name of some particular person, place, day, month, nationality and religion. In the writing system, proper noun is always initiated by capital letter and it may not use article the, a and an. For
example, Indonesia, Boby, Islam, February, Madrid, and so on.
c. collective noun
a collective noun is the name of a number (collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole, as: a crowd (a collection of people), an army (a collection of soldiers) and so forth.
d. material noun
a material noun is the name of substances or material, it means that generally this is a kind of uncountable noun, nevertheless, it can be touched and measured. The material noun cannot be initiated by article a or an, but it can be initiated by some and any. For instance, I drink the water; I do not have any money.
Besides concrete noun, there is also abstract noun. An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as, quality (goodness, bravery), action (laughter, movement) and state (boyhood, poverty).
Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives, verbs, and common nouns. Here are the distinctiveness of noun formed from adjectives, verbs, and common nouns.
b. Noun based on number
Based on the number, noun is classified into countable and uncountable noun. Countable noun is a noun that can be counted by number. It is a group of common noun and collective noun, such as car, door, a team, a family, etc. The characteristics of countable noun are as follow:
1. it can be in plural, such as, there is a pen on the table (singular); there are two pens on the table (plural).
2. it can be initiated by article a, an, or the. For example: There is a man in that room; I bought an umbrella last week; The son of my lecturer is a lawyer.
3. it can be initiated by words some and any in the plural, such as, I need some chair; I do not have any money.
4. it can be initiated by words all of, none of, both of, and few in plural. For example, All of the pens on my desk are red.
5. it can be initiated by words many, a lot of, several, a great many. For example, She does not have many cars.
6. the verb can be added s/es or auxiliary verb is/was in the singular. For example, My lecturer stands near the door.
7. the verb can not be added s/es but it can be followed by auxiliary verb are/were in the plural. For example, My books are on the table.
Besides, the characteristics of uncountable noun are as follows:
1. it cannot be in plural, such as, We can write letters on the paper.
2. it can not be initiated by article a or an but article the can be used. For example, Milk comes from cow; The fruit is good for health.
3. it can be initiated with words some and any which meant little, such as, I want some water.
4. it can be initiated with much, a lot of, a great deal of, and plenty of which meant many. For example, Does he have much milk.
5. always initiated by singular verb with add s/es to the verb, or it can be used auxiliary verb is/was. For example, There is a lot of money in my wallet; The cheese makes from milk.
c. Noun based on gender
Based on gender, noun is divided into 4 (four), they are Masculine Gender, Feminine Gender, Common Gender and Neuter Gender (Wren & Martin, 1994:
6). A noun that denotes a male is called Masculine Gender, and a noun that denotes a female is called Feminine Gender. Besides that, a noun that denotes either male or female is called the Common Gender, and a noun that denotes neither male nor female is called the Neuter Gender.
d. Noun based on the case
Case is the way placing the noun in a sentence. In English, there are some , they are nominative case, objective (accusative) case, and possessive (genitive) case. When a noun (pronoun) is used as the subject of a verb, it is called in nominative case. When a noun (pronoun) is used as the object of a verb, it is called in the objective (accusative) case. The nominative generally comes before the verb, meanwhile the accusative after the verb; as, Iker broke the window. (object) The window is broken. (subject)
Different from nominative and accusative, possessive case (genitive) is a noun whose function is to indicate ownership or possession by adding apostrophe (‘) or apostrophe s (‘s). For example, Edo’s book; Ani’s mother. Here are the formations of the Possessive Case.
(1) When the noun is singular, the Possessive Case is formed by adding ‘s to the noun; as,
The king’s crown.
(2) When the noun is plural, and ends in s, the Possessive Case is formed by adding only an apostrophe; as,
Horses’ tails.
(3) When the noun is plural but does not end in s, the Possessive sign is formed by adding ‘s as, Children’s books.
(4) When a noun or a title consists of several words, the Possessive sign is attached only to the last word; as, The Nawab of Rampur’s library.
(5) When two nouns are closely connected, the Possessive is put to the latter; as,
William and Mary’s reign.
2. Adjective
A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place, or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity, is called an adjective (Wren & Martin, 1994:16). From the explanation above we may define an adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning. In English, there are two ways to use the adjective; as,
(a) attributive adjective, is an adjective that is used to describe the noun directly.
1. Beautiful girl
2. Big house.
In the first and the second sentences, the adjective beautiful and big is used along with the noun girl and house as an epithet or attribute. It is, therefore, said to be used attributively.
(b) predicative adjective, is an adjective that is used to describe the noun indirectly.
1. The boy is lazy
2. I am happy.
In the first and the second sentences, the adjective lazy and happy is used along the verb is and am, and form part of the predicate. It is, therefore, said to be used predicatively.
Basically in English, adjectives may be divided into following classes.
(1) Adjective of quality (descriptive adjective)
It is shows the kind or quality of a person or thing; as,
Indonesia is a large country.
Boby is an honest man.
(2) Adjective of quantity (Quantitative adjective)
It is shows how much of a thing is meant; as,
I ate some rice
There has not been sufficient rain this year.
(3) Adjective of number (Numeral adjective)
It is shows how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands; as,
The hand has five fingers
All men must die.
Adjective of number (Numeral adjective) are of three kinds, they are:
(i) definite numeral adjective, which denotes an exact number, as
one, two, three, etc. (cardinals)
first, second, third, etc. (ordinals).
A cardinal denotes how many, and ordinal the order of things in a series.
(ii) indefinite numeral adjective, which does not denote an exact number, as all, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several.
(iii) distributive numeral adjective, which refers to each one of a number; as,
Each boy must take his turn
Every word of it is false.
(4) Demonstrative adjective
It points out which person or thing is meant; as
These mangoes are sour
That boy is industrious.
3. Verb
A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. The word verb comes from Latin word verbum. It is so called because it is the most important word in a sentence. A verb may tell us what a person or thing does, as Harry laughs; what is done to a person or thing, as The window is broken; and what a person or thing is, as I feel sorry. Verb is classified into transitive and intransitive verb. A transitive verb is
a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the subject to an object. An intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object, or which expresses a state or being. Here are the examples of transitive and intransitive verb.
(1) Casillas kicks the ball
(2) The baby sleeps
(3) Juan ran a long distance
(4) There is a flaw in this diamond.
In sentence (1), the action denoted by the verb kicks passes over from the doer or subject Casillas to some object ball. The verb kicks is, therefore, called a transitive verb. In sentence (2), the action by the verb sleeps and does not pass over to an object. The verb sleeps is, therefore, called intransitive verb and it expresses state. Sentence (3) and (4) are in transitive verb because they do not pass over to an object and each of them expresses action and being.
4. Adverb
According to Wren & Martin, adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
(a) Lampard runs quickly
(b) This is a very sweet mango
(c) Steven Gerrard reads quite clearly.
In sentence (a), quickly shows how (in what manner) Lampard runs , that is, quickly modifies from verb runs. In sentence (b), very shows how much (in what degree) the mango is sweet, that is, very modifies the adjective sweet. In sentence (c), quite shows how far (to what extent) Steven Gerrard reads clearly, that is, quite modifies the adverb clearly.
Adverb may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning.
(1) Adverb of Time (which show when)
I have heard this before
Christiano had a letter from her lately
Bobby comes here daily.
(2) Adverb of Frequency (which show how often)
I have told you twice
Frank often makes mistakes
Ariel seldom comes here.
(3) Adverb of Place (which show where)
My sister is out
Walk backward
Come in.
(4) Adverb of Manner (which show how or in what manner)
This story is well written
The child slept soundly.
(5) Adverb of Degree or Quantity (which show how much, or in what
degree or to what extent)
He was too careless
The mangoes are almost ripe
I am fully prepared
(6) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
He certainly went
I do not know him
(7) Adverb of Reason
He therefore left school
He is hence unable to refute the charge
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