Do you know how paper is made ? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs rinse away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important because different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution, but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on along wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here the fibers bond together, and then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go through some rollers, sometimes a dozen of them. These not rollers seal the fibers closer and closer and eventually turn the mat into paper.
(Taken From : Bahasa Inggris SMA dan MA, 2008)
Showing posts with label Explanation Text. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Explanation Text. Show all posts
Sunday, November 4, 2018
Sunday, October 14, 2018
Explanation Text : How the Water Cycle Works
Education English | Explanation Text : How the Water Cycle Works | Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis.
During this process, known as evaporate transpiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere. Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major types of cloud formation are stratified or layered grey clouds called stratus and billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a fresh form. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seas and is not accessible to humans. When rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow fall may consolidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, when they melt, release their water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
During this process, known as evaporate transpiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere. Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major types of cloud formation are stratified or layered grey clouds called stratus and billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a fresh form. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seas and is not accessible to humans. When rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow fall may consolidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, when they melt, release their water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Sunday, September 30, 2018
Explanation Text : Tsunami
Tsunami is a japanese word, meaning harbour wave and is used as the scientific term for a seismic sea wave. Generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is titled or offset during an earthquake, a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves are generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the ring of fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity 32,500 km long, that encircles the pacific ocean. Since 1819 about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawaiian islands.
A tsunami can have wave length or width 100 to 200 km, and may travel hundreds of kilometers acroos the deep ocean, reaching speeds about 725 to 800 km/h. upon entering shallow coastal waters, the out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When half a meter high may be 15 m high or more. When the wave reaches the shore it because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.
Tsunami should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensives coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storms surges are particularly devastating if they occur at the high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm suge killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.
A tsunami can have wave length or width 100 to 200 km, and may travel hundreds of kilometers acroos the deep ocean, reaching speeds about 725 to 800 km/h. upon entering shallow coastal waters, the out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When half a meter high may be 15 m high or more. When the wave reaches the shore it because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.
Tsunami should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensives coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storms surges are particularly devastating if they occur at the high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm suge killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.
Saturday, September 15, 2018
Explanation Text
How Venus eclipse happens is best given to an example of explanation texts. Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why something exists and happens.
What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed? Explanation text is structured by the generic level of general statement and followed with sequenced explanation. To have clear understanding on the explanation text, let's see the following example of explanation text!How Venus Eclipse Happens
On May 16, 2010, people in most regions in the world have seen a very rare natural phenomenon. It was Venus eclipse. It was very rare amazing natural event. It was reported that the Venus eclipse will seen again in the future in 2050. Do you know how this rare Venus eclipse happens?
Well, actually Venus eclipse is like Sun eclipse. Venus eclipses occurs when the position of the earth, moon and Venus is parallel. Venus planet will slowly disappear for a moment because it is covered the surface of the Moon. Venus planet seems to move to the back side of the Moon.
The moon and planets are sharing a similar apparent path in the sky. That is why, it is not unusual for the moon to appear to pass close to Venus. In fact, the moon appears somewhere near it about once a month. However, most people don’t see these events because they are visible in the evening sky only half the time, and then only for a short period after sunset. The apparent closeness varies from month to month as well.
What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed? Explanation text is structured by the generic level of general statement and followed with sequenced explanation. To have clear understanding on the explanation text, let's see the following example of explanation text!How Venus Eclipse Happens
On May 16, 2010, people in most regions in the world have seen a very rare natural phenomenon. It was Venus eclipse. It was very rare amazing natural event. It was reported that the Venus eclipse will seen again in the future in 2050. Do you know how this rare Venus eclipse happens?
Well, actually Venus eclipse is like Sun eclipse. Venus eclipses occurs when the position of the earth, moon and Venus is parallel. Venus planet will slowly disappear for a moment because it is covered the surface of the Moon. Venus planet seems to move to the back side of the Moon.
The moon and planets are sharing a similar apparent path in the sky. That is why, it is not unusual for the moon to appear to pass close to Venus. In fact, the moon appears somewhere near it about once a month. However, most people don’t see these events because they are visible in the evening sky only half the time, and then only for a short period after sunset. The apparent closeness varies from month to month as well.
Wednesday, August 22, 2018
Explanation Text : The El Nino and La Nina Phenomena
Education English | Explanation Text : The El Nino and La Nina Phenomena | Deviations f r o m n o r m a l temperature patterns of the southern Pacific Ocean, between Australia and South America, result in the phenomenon called El Niño. Under normal conditions, eastern trade winds blows across the Pacific. These drive the sun-warmed surface water from the central Pacific to the coast of northern Australia. When clouds form above this area of warm water and move overIndonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia, they bring rain with them.
Every two to seven years, however, this pattern is interrupted by the El Nino event. During El Nino, the Pacific Ocean of Australia does not warm as much as it normally does. Instead, it becomes warmer right up to the coast of Peru in South America. At the same time, the easterly trade winds that blow across the Pacific reverse their direction. This causes high-pressure systems to build up to the north of and across the Australian Continent, preventing moist tropical air reaching the continent. These conditions in turn result in storms, and in rain falling in the eastern Pacific Ocean and in South America instead of in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, which suffer drought conditions.
While the effect of El Nino are sometimes weak, at the other times they are very strong. During a severe El Nino period, extreme drought conditions prevail, as in 1982–83 and 1997-98. In contrast, heavy rainfall and fiooding occurred in parts of North and South America. In 1997, there were severe storms and floods in Mexico and further north along the west coast of the United States.
The converse of the El Nino effect is the La Niña effect, which is an exaggeration of normal conditions. This takes place when trade winds blow strongly and consistently across the Pacific towards Australia. This pushes the warm waters from the central Pacific, off the northern Australian coast, to build up into a mass that is bigger than normal. Thus, much more cloud develops than usual, and this brings considerably more rain to Australia and neighbouring countries.
Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Every two to seven years, however, this pattern is interrupted by the El Nino event. During El Nino, the Pacific Ocean of Australia does not warm as much as it normally does. Instead, it becomes warmer right up to the coast of Peru in South America. At the same time, the easterly trade winds that blow across the Pacific reverse their direction. This causes high-pressure systems to build up to the north of and across the Australian Continent, preventing moist tropical air reaching the continent. These conditions in turn result in storms, and in rain falling in the eastern Pacific Ocean and in South America instead of in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, which suffer drought conditions.
While the effect of El Nino are sometimes weak, at the other times they are very strong. During a severe El Nino period, extreme drought conditions prevail, as in 1982–83 and 1997-98. In contrast, heavy rainfall and fiooding occurred in parts of North and South America. In 1997, there were severe storms and floods in Mexico and further north along the west coast of the United States.
The converse of the El Nino effect is the La Niña effect, which is an exaggeration of normal conditions. This takes place when trade winds blow strongly and consistently across the Pacific towards Australia. This pushes the warm waters from the central Pacific, off the northern Australian coast, to build up into a mass that is bigger than normal. Thus, much more cloud develops than usual, and this brings considerably more rain to Australia and neighbouring countries.
Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Thursday, August 9, 2018
Explanation Text : The El Nino Phenomenon
Education English | Explanation Text : The El Niño Phenomenon |
What Is El Niño?
El Niño is a warm water current which moves off the west coast of Chile and Peru. The current is believed to be closely associated with irregular variations in the global weather system and it occurs approximately every 7–11 years. The wider consequences of El Niño can be catastrophic. The current is associated with short–term changes in worldwide climate patterns, and may cause drought in place such as Australia and violent tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean. Some scientists fear that global warming may be making El Niño occur more frequently.
How Does El Niño Occur?
The combined influence of land, sea and air on weather conditions can create a global climate rhythm. In the Pacific Ocean, for example (A), trade winds normally blow from east to west (1) along the Equator, "dragging" sun–warmed surface waters into a pool of North Australia and there by the thermocline–the boundary between warm surface waters and the cooler layers beneath (2). High cumulus clouds form above these warm waters, bringing rain in the summer wet season (3). Cooler, nutrient-rich waters rise to surface off Southern America (4), supporting extensive shoals of anchovies on which a vast fishing industry has developed. The weather over this cold water region is dry.
Every 3–5 years a change occurs in the ocean-atmosphere interaction. The climatic pattern is reserved (B)–an event known as El Niño. The trade winds ease, or even reverse direction (5), during El Niño and the warm surface waters which have "pulled up" in the West Pacific flow back to warm the waters off South America by 2–3°C (6). This depresses the east thermocline (7) and dramatically affects the climate. In an El Niño year, drought and bush fires occur over Australia, while flood affect Bolivia and Peru. The warm waters off South America suppress upwelling of the cold nutrient rich waters, bringing disaster to the fishing industry.
Taken from Philip’s Science and Technology, Encyclopedia 1998
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
El Niño is a warm water current which moves off the west coast of Chile and Peru. The current is believed to be closely associated with irregular variations in the global weather system and it occurs approximately every 7–11 years. The wider consequences of El Niño can be catastrophic. The current is associated with short–term changes in worldwide climate patterns, and may cause drought in place such as Australia and violent tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean. Some scientists fear that global warming may be making El Niño occur more frequently.
How Does El Niño Occur?
The combined influence of land, sea and air on weather conditions can create a global climate rhythm. In the Pacific Ocean, for example (A), trade winds normally blow from east to west (1) along the Equator, "dragging" sun–warmed surface waters into a pool of North Australia and there by the thermocline–the boundary between warm surface waters and the cooler layers beneath (2). High cumulus clouds form above these warm waters, bringing rain in the summer wet season (3). Cooler, nutrient-rich waters rise to surface off Southern America (4), supporting extensive shoals of anchovies on which a vast fishing industry has developed. The weather over this cold water region is dry.
Every 3–5 years a change occurs in the ocean-atmosphere interaction. The climatic pattern is reserved (B)–an event known as El Niño. The trade winds ease, or even reverse direction (5), during El Niño and the warm surface waters which have "pulled up" in the West Pacific flow back to warm the waters off South America by 2–3°C (6). This depresses the east thermocline (7) and dramatically affects the climate. In an El Niño year, drought and bush fires occur over Australia, while flood affect Bolivia and Peru. The warm waters off South America suppress upwelling of the cold nutrient rich waters, bringing disaster to the fishing industry.
Taken from Philip’s Science and Technology, Encyclopedia 1998
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Thursday, July 19, 2018
Explanation Text : Insecticide
Education English | Explanation Text : Insecticide | Insecticide is a substance that kills insects. Insecticides are sometimes called pesticides. Farmers and gardeners usually use insecticides to protect plants and animals. Apple trees must be sprayed, or many of the apples will become "wormy" with moth larvae (young).
Many livestock owners spray their livestock or dip them in an insecticide solution to protect them from flies, lice, mites, and ticks. These pests spread such diseases as cattle fever and sheep scab.
Diseases such as malaria and typhus can be controlled by using insecticides to treat the breeding places of the insects that spread the diseases.
Agricultural pesticides prevent a monetary loss of about $9 billion each year in the U.S. For every $1 invested in pesticides, the American Farmer gets about $4 in return. These benefits, however, must be weighed against the costs to society of using pesticides, as seen in the banning of ethylene dibromide in the early 1980s.
These costs include human poisonings, fish deaths, honey bee poisonings, and the contamination of livestock products. The environmental and social costs of pesticide use in the U.S. have been estimated to be at least $1 billion each year. Thus, although pesticides are valuable for agriculture, they also can cause serious harm.
Taken from The World Book Encyclopedia, 2007
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Many livestock owners spray their livestock or dip them in an insecticide solution to protect them from flies, lice, mites, and ticks. These pests spread such diseases as cattle fever and sheep scab.
Diseases such as malaria and typhus can be controlled by using insecticides to treat the breeding places of the insects that spread the diseases.
Agricultural pesticides prevent a monetary loss of about $9 billion each year in the U.S. For every $1 invested in pesticides, the American Farmer gets about $4 in return. These benefits, however, must be weighed against the costs to society of using pesticides, as seen in the banning of ethylene dibromide in the early 1980s.
These costs include human poisonings, fish deaths, honey bee poisonings, and the contamination of livestock products. The environmental and social costs of pesticide use in the U.S. have been estimated to be at least $1 billion each year. Thus, although pesticides are valuable for agriculture, they also can cause serious harm.
Taken from The World Book Encyclopedia, 2007
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Tuesday, May 15, 2018
Explanation Text : Cyclone
A cyclone in strict meteorological terminology, is an area of low atmosphere pressure surrounded by a wind system blowing, in northern hemisphere in a ounter clockwise direction. A corresponding high pressure area with clockwise winds is known as an anti cyclone. In the southern hemisphere these wind directions are reserved.
Cyclone are commonly called lows and anticyclones highs. The term cycone has often been more loosely apllied to a storm and disturbance attending such pressure systems, particularly the violent tropical hurricane and the typhoon, which center on areas of unusually low pressure.
Cyclone are commonly called lows and anticyclones highs. The term cycone has often been more loosely apllied to a storm and disturbance attending such pressure systems, particularly the violent tropical hurricane and the typhoon, which center on areas of unusually low pressure.
Saturday, April 14, 2018
Explanation Text : Petroleum Product
Petroleum product such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, comes from one source –crude oil found below the earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance ; thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical composition is made up of only two elements : carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few are classified as impurties. Trace elements are also found, but these area of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounding which are possible because of the various position varied joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are defined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapours, these products are the so called light oil, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residual remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbon to produce other products some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various type of gasoline.
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance ; thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical composition is made up of only two elements : carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few are classified as impurties. Trace elements are also found, but these area of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounding which are possible because of the various position varied joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are defined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapours, these products are the so called light oil, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residual remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbon to produce other products some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various type of gasoline.
Saturday, April 7, 2018
Explanation Text : Greenhouse Effect
Education English | Explanation Text : Greenhouse Effect | The Greenhouse effect is raised temperature at the planet’s surface as result of heat energy being trapped by gases in the atmosphere. Certain gases cause the atmosphere to act like the glass in a greenhouse. As a result, the temperature of a planet’s surface may be higher than it otherwise would be–on Earth about 33º C (59ºF) higher.
The main gases that produce the greenhouse effect on Earth are water vapour and carbon dioxide. Scientists suspect that an increased discharge of carbon dioxide from human activity (notably motor transport and industry) is contributing to global warming.
Greenhouse gases are fairly transparent to the short-wavelength, visible and ultraviolet light that brings most of the Sun’s energy, though about 25% is reflected by the atmosphere, and 25% is absorbed by it. About 5% is reflected from the Earth, which absorbs the rest. Some of this absorbed energy rises again in thermals or in the heat of evaporated moisture. The rest is reradiated as long–wavelength infrared rays. The infrared radiation emitted by the Earth is partially transmitted straight back into space. A much greater amount is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, which are very efficient absorbers of the long infrared wavelengths. Some of the absorbed heat is reradiated into space, but a lot is radiated downwards to fuel global warming. Half the world’s population lives on low–lying coastal areas, such as the Bay of Bengal which is particularly vulnerable to flooding. Global warming could cause the sea level to rise. A 2m (6ft) rise in sea level would inundate close to 20% of Bangladesh and require tens of millions to be evacuated. A larger rise of 5m (16ft) would drown close to half the country.
Taken from Science and Technology Encyclopedia, 1998.
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
The main gases that produce the greenhouse effect on Earth are water vapour and carbon dioxide. Scientists suspect that an increased discharge of carbon dioxide from human activity (notably motor transport and industry) is contributing to global warming.
Greenhouse gases are fairly transparent to the short-wavelength, visible and ultraviolet light that brings most of the Sun’s energy, though about 25% is reflected by the atmosphere, and 25% is absorbed by it. About 5% is reflected from the Earth, which absorbs the rest. Some of this absorbed energy rises again in thermals or in the heat of evaporated moisture. The rest is reradiated as long–wavelength infrared rays. The infrared radiation emitted by the Earth is partially transmitted straight back into space. A much greater amount is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, which are very efficient absorbers of the long infrared wavelengths. Some of the absorbed heat is reradiated into space, but a lot is radiated downwards to fuel global warming. Half the world’s population lives on low–lying coastal areas, such as the Bay of Bengal which is particularly vulnerable to flooding. Global warming could cause the sea level to rise. A 2m (6ft) rise in sea level would inundate close to 20% of Bangladesh and require tens of millions to be evacuated. A larger rise of 5m (16ft) would drown close to half the country.
Taken from Science and Technology Encyclopedia, 1998.
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Monday, March 5, 2018
Explanation Text : Growing Wet Rice
Growing wet rice takes places in Asia, such as China , Japan and India
As a result it is usually grown near a river in small levels fields which are surrounded by low earth walls. The farms are usually quite small about one or two hectares in area. Although rice growing requires a lot of work very few rice farmers use machinery. This means that rice growing is labour intensive, that is to say, a lot of people have to work in the rice fields.
At the beginning of the growing season, the farmers have to repair the low earth walls aroung the fields. Then they have to prepare to soil to make it thick and muddy. After this they must sow the seeds in specials beds and then plant the seedling in rows in the soil. It takes about four months for the rice to rpen. A few weeks before harvesting, they have to remove the water from the fields. Finally the farmers harvest the rice, cutting it with a knife.
(Taken from Stepping More for Junior High School.)
Friday, March 2, 2018
Explanation Text : Where Does Rain Come from?
Education English | Explanation Text : Where Does Rain Come from? | Rain always comes from clouds. But where do clouds come from? How does all that water get into the sky? Think about your bathroom. There is hot water in your bath. Steam goes up from the hot water. The steam makes small clouds in the bathroom. These warm clouds meet the cold walls and windows, and then we see small drops of water on the walls and windows. The world is like your bathroom.
The water in the oceans is warm when the sun shines on it. Some of this water goes up into the sky and makes clouds. The wind carries the clouds for hundreds of kilometres. Then the clouds meet cold air in the sky, and we see drops of water.
The drops of water are rain. The rain falls and runs into rivers. Rivers run into oceans. And the water from oceans makes clouds and more rain. So water is always moving from oceans to clouds to rain to rivers to oceans. So the rain on your head was on other heads before! The water in your garden was in other gardens in other countries.
Adapted from Junior Comprehension 1, 1999
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The water in the oceans is warm when the sun shines on it. Some of this water goes up into the sky and makes clouds. The wind carries the clouds for hundreds of kilometres. Then the clouds meet cold air in the sky, and we see drops of water.
The drops of water are rain. The rain falls and runs into rivers. Rivers run into oceans. And the water from oceans makes clouds and more rain. So water is always moving from oceans to clouds to rain to rivers to oceans. So the rain on your head was on other heads before! The water in your garden was in other gardens in other countries.
Adapted from Junior Comprehension 1, 1999
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Thursday, February 8, 2018
Explanation Text : Acid Rain
Education English | Explanation Text : Acid Rain | Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8. Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain lakes, for example, have lost all fish and plant life because of acid rain.
Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulphur dioxide (SO2). Most sulphur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) and most nitrogen is also emitted as one of the nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2), both of which are gases. The gases may be dry deposited–absorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the atmosphere for any time, the gases will oxidise (gain an oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as acid rain. Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone and ammonium help promote the formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4) can be formed when some of the acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia
(NH3). Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low level ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the formation of acid rain. When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al). When it is washed into lakes, aluminium irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil micro organisms.
Taken from Science and Technology Encycopedia, 1998
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulphur dioxide (SO2). Most sulphur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) and most nitrogen is also emitted as one of the nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2), both of which are gases. The gases may be dry deposited–absorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the atmosphere for any time, the gases will oxidise (gain an oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as acid rain. Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone and ammonium help promote the formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4) can be formed when some of the acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia
(NH3). Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low level ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the formation of acid rain. When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al). When it is washed into lakes, aluminium irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil micro organisms.
Taken from Science and Technology Encycopedia, 1998
To Get More “Explanation Text” please Click Here
Tuesday, December 5, 2017
Explanation Text : My Secret Alias
Hi, I'm Jack Baner. I'm secret agent, but I'm here on vacation. Guess what happened to me. I almost forget my identity.
I arrived at the airport in the afternoon. The flight was not really good. So I only had a little sleep. Nobody picked me up, so I took a taxi to the hotel. I asked the driver to take me to the hotel my agent had reserved.
At the hotel I went directly to the receptionist desk. I told her that nobody had reserved a room. After a minute she locked at me and said that nobody had reserved under Jack Baner. And the hotel was full. I thought there was something wrong. But what could I do ?
Then I went to public phone. I called my travel agent back at my country and told about my problem. I was surprised to know that the problem was so simple. They reserved a room at this hotel under Johny Godbye, my alias. I am secret agent, remember ?
I was so embarrassed. I should not have forgotten my alias.
(Take from : Let's Talk for Junior High School, 2005)
I arrived at the airport in the afternoon. The flight was not really good. So I only had a little sleep. Nobody picked me up, so I took a taxi to the hotel. I asked the driver to take me to the hotel my agent had reserved.
At the hotel I went directly to the receptionist desk. I told her that nobody had reserved a room. After a minute she locked at me and said that nobody had reserved under Jack Baner. And the hotel was full. I thought there was something wrong. But what could I do ?
Then I went to public phone. I called my travel agent back at my country and told about my problem. I was surprised to know that the problem was so simple. They reserved a room at this hotel under Johny Godbye, my alias. I am secret agent, remember ?
I was so embarrassed. I should not have forgotten my alias.
(Take from : Let's Talk for Junior High School, 2005)
Wednesday, November 22, 2017
Explanation Text : Making Paper from Woodchips
Woodchipping is a process used to obtain and ppaper product from forest trees. The woodchipping begins when the trees are cut down in a selected aea of the forest called a coupe.
Next the tops and branches of the trees are but out and then the logs are taken to the mill.
At the mill the bark of the logs it removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp isthen bleached and the water content is removed.
Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Next the tops and branches of the trees are but out and then the logs are taken to the mill.
At the mill the bark of the logs it removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp isthen bleached and the water content is removed.
Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Wednesday, November 15, 2017
Explanation Text : “Earthquakes”
Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake happens?
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake. Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali. Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake. Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali. Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Monday, October 30, 2017
Explanation Text
Chocolate start with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grow in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South Africa, Africa and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree seeds, also known as a cacao beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour, and so they are often sorted and blanded to produce distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao beans from it shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It's pure bitter chocolate.
(Taken From : Bahasa Inggris SMA dan MA, 2008)
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour, and so they are often sorted and blanded to produce distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao beans from it shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It's pure bitter chocolate.
(Taken From : Bahasa Inggris SMA dan MA, 2008)
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