Grammar : Use of Modals " May and Might "

Education English |  Grammar : Use of Modals " May and Might " | 1. Modal auxiliary may used for :
a.  Asking permission (permissions)
     May I borrow your book?
     May I use your pen ?
     Certainly you may
.
b. Stating the possibility (possibility to present)
    The thief may be in the warehouse
    They may be at the canteen.
  
c. Expressed the hope (wish)
    May you be happy.
    May god bless !

d. Stating suggestions / advice in the form of the phrase, "may as well".
    You may as well learn from him

2. Modal auxiliary might used for :
a. Stating permission, may form from the past.
    He said that I might go to the doctor.
 
b. Stating the possibility of time now, which is more subtle than using may.
   She might be unhappy
   Niken might have apologized

c. expressed the hope
    Might I find you next day.

d. To declare the petition.
    You might help me solve my problems.
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Grammar : Use of Modals " Shall and Should "

Education English  | Grammar : Use of Modals " Shall and Should " | 1. Modal auxiliary shall used for :
a. Stating suggestions (suggestion)
    Shall we do the homework ?
    Shall we met the boss ?

b. Stating bids (offering)
    Shall I accompany you ?
    Shall I send your letter ?

2. Modal auxiliary should used for :
    a. Stating obligation / necessity (obligation)
        We should love other people.
        We should pay the bill.

   b.Shows counsel / advice (advice)
      The better, we should obey our parent's advices.
      I think you should go right now. It's not too late.
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Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries verbs sometimes called modal auxiliaries. they are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, necesity,etc). most of the modals have more than one meaning. they are folowed by the simply form of a verb, they are followed by to, the main verb never has final -s.

1. Can,could, must, shall, should, will, would, may, might, had better. the functions of the are :Can and could express  ability ,ex : My father can play badminton well ; can express permission, ex : You can have a cookie after dinner ; could express posibilit, ex : I don't know why Aziz is not class. ; must express necessty or obligation, ex : Beri has an important test tomorrow. must express conclusion, ex : Riri has worked hard since in the morning. she must be thirsty. must not express prohibition, ex : Children you must not play with matches.
2. Review : Be, am, is are were, was ; have, has, had ;do, does, did ; shall, should ; will, would ; can,could, must, have to.

Grammar : Use of Modals " Will and Would "

Education English | Grammar : Use of Modals " Will and Would " | 1. Modal auxiliary will used for :
Shows the meaning of "will" (future) :
He will come tomorrow
He will be angry if you leave him.
He will be in the office this afternoon.

2. Modal auxiliary Would used for :
a. Predict, envision a situation / circumstances.
    It would be better to take a rest.
   It would be nice to go to beach.

b. Stating a polite request
   Would you mind telling me the story, please ?
   Would you open the door, please ?

   
c. Stating a desire / prefer (preferences)
    I'd rather have apple than orange.
    I'd rather to go the cinema than to the garden.
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Grammar : Modal auxiliaries : Could, Should, Might, Must, Ought to + have + Verb 3

Education English | Grammar : Modal auxiliaries : Could, Should, Might, Must, Ought to + have + Verb 3 | 1. Could + have + Verb 3
This Modals are used to express the real thing can be done in the past.
      He could have done his homework
This implies that he will not do his homework last night.

     He could have invited them.

Modals are often used in conditional sentences, especially type II.

2. Should + have + Verb 3




This modal is often used to express something that can actually be done in the past.

She should have sent the letters last week.

This sentence implies that he has not sent the letter last week.

3. Might + Have + Verb 3
This Modals are used to express a prejudice against something that probably already happened in the past.

He might have gone to his office.
They might have finished their duties.

4.  Must + Have + Verb 3 
This Modals are used to indicate a certainty of a thing must have happened in the past. Basically, this is also conjecture.
He must have studied hard last night.
Niken must have given her photograph.

5. Ought + have + Verb 3
This Modals are used to declare a matter that should have been done in the past.
        
He ought to have told her about the news.

Modal auxiliary + Have + been + verb-ing , which states that the alleged definitely not taking place at a certain time in the past.

He was holding a newspaper. He can't have been writing a  letter.
Niken can't have been playing the piano, she was reading her book when I came.
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Grammar : Use of Modals " Must and Ought to "

Education English | Grammar : Use of Modals " Must and Ought to " | 1. Modal auxiliary must used for :

a. Stating the necessity

    You must go before raining.

    We had to see the doctor two hours ago.

    Must not have a past tense, past tense of must we use "had to" coming from "have to".
    Differences use "must " and "have to":
    must: When must come from outside the speaker
   have to: When must come from the conscience of the speaker.

b. Stating the meaning of certainty.

    The key must be in her bag.

    Niken must be studying now.

    I believe that she must know about the matter.

 

 2. Modal auxiliary ought to used for :

     Meaning should be stated, but not the same as "must" because they have to be here to do.

    He must do the work

    He ought to do the work.

    Negative form is oughtn't (in the sense should not be done)
    musn't (do not , ban)

    You oughtn't (to) go to the movie

    Past form of ought to is : ought to have

    He ought to have gone to the movie yesterday.

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Grammar : Modal : Would rather ...than...

Education English | Grammar : Modal : Would rather ...than... | Modals are often used in the "degree of comparison" that has a meaning of "would rather ... than ..."

example :

I would rather play ping-pong than play tennis.

It should be noted that the "would rather ... than ..." would rather different from that ...
Capital: .... That Would rather be used to express a condition contrary to the actual (present and future).

Subject + would rather that + subject + verb 1/2

example :

I would rather that you come tomorrow.

This sentence implies, that in fact he can not come. As such it is contrary to what I want.

I would rather that you studied every night.
This sentence implies that he did not study every night now (present). Thus contrary to that desired.
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Grammar : Modal used to, (be) used to/get used to

Education English | Grammar : Modal used to, (be) used to/get used to | 1. Used to + Verb 1
Modals are used to express a habit that can be done in the past. Thus now, the habit is no longer done.
example :
He used to play football when he was young.
He used to swim every Sunday.

2. (be) used to/get used to + verb-ing
This modals are used to express habits are now done.
example :
He is used to watching film every Saturday.
Niken is used to getting up early in the morning.
I get used to studying every night.
She gets used to reading the novel.
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Grammar : Modal : Would like + to infinitive

Education English | Grammar : Modal : Would like + to infinitive |This modal used to express a desire, primarily used in the invitation.

example : 

She would like to take me to dinner.

Niken would like to dance with Dian.

I would like to finish my work spoon.

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Grammar : Modal Auxiliaries : Might, Should, Must, Can't , Could + have been + (verb 2 +-ing)

Education English | Grammar : Modal Auxiliaries : Might, Should, Must, Can't , Could + have been + (verb 2 +-ing)  | 1. Might + Have been + verb + -ing
Modals are used to express a presumption against a thing, which perhaps is in progress in the past.
I saw him standing in front of the street. He might have been waiting for the bus.
She might have been sleeping when I came.
She might not have been taking a bath.

2. Must + had been + verb + -ing

The use of capital is basically the same as the use of modals; must have been + verb-ing. The difference is that the modals; Must Had + been + verb-ing, there is information indicating a specific time period.

He must had been playing the piano for an hour when I saw him.

3. Should + had been + verb ing

Similarly, the use of these modals is the same as the use of modals Should have + been + verb-ing, where the difference is the presence of time information indicating a certain period during a particular activity at the time anyway.

They should have been working for two hours when their boss came.

The students should had been doing their exercise.

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