Cohesion refers to grammatical and lexical relationship among different elements of a text. The main patterns of cohesion are :
- Reference, where the identify of an item can be retrieved from within the text such as “He” in once upon time there was a giant. He always hungry, or from outside the text such as the in leave it on the table please’. The main pattern of cohesion examined in the area of reference are anaphoric, cataphoric, and homoporic reference.
- Lexical cohesion, that is where lexical items are semantically related to items which have preceded them such as as when words are related or synonyms are used.Lexical cohesion refers to relationship among lexical items in a text and in particular among content words, the main kinds of lexical cohesion are repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and collocation.
- Conjunction, where items such as in other words however meanwhile’and thus provide indicators of the relationship between clauses
- Substitution, where a word such as one,do, or so subtitues for another word or phrase.
- Ellipsis, where words are left out of a text and we are able to work out from the surrounding text what is missing.
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